The Behavioral Patterns Of Alcoholics Anonymous ( Aa )

Introduction In 1935, a fellowship by the name of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) originated as an effort to develop a method for understanding the complexities of and recovering from alcohol abuse and addiction (Clinton Scalise, 2013; Hester Miller, 2003). AA is a non-professional spiritual organization of men and women who gather to share their experiences with alcohol abuse/addiction, to convey hope and strength to overcome alcohol dependence, and help others in the recovery process (Clinton Scalise, 2013). The counseling student attended two AA meetings as an observer in order to understand the dynamics of the AA culture and to experience the possibilities of working in the field of addictions. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the various behavioral patterns of use described in the AA meetings (e. g., intensity, frequency, length of time and attempts to quit). This paper also identifies other necessary information required for proper assessment and diagnosis. This essay concludes with a synthesis of the information gathered from personal observation and this course’s texts assignments. Behavioral Patterns AA member #1 attended both meetings. He shared that he started AA 2 years ago AA member #1 shared that he had trouble sleeping and began taking a drink or two each night before going to bed. He later found himself needing more alcohol to sleep and began drinking earlier during the day. He encountered three DUI accidents which caused him physical harm and a courtShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The Alcoholic And Their Families1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Alcoholism Alcohol indefinitely changed my life. My husband is an alcoholic. What is alcoholism? Why do people drink? What are the effects on the alcoholic and their families? How do you know you have a problem. What is the treatment? Is there a cure? How has this affected my life? People from all walks of life drink. The difference is: do you control the alcohol or does it control you? Alcoholism is a constant battle that many people struggle with. Alcoholism formerlyRead MoreEvidence Based Practice : Effect Of Support Groups On Substance Use Recovery1886 Words   |  8 PagesThe concern with Deborah is that she has been continuously refusing to attend the groups during her three-day stay at the hospital. She believed that attendance would not help her with her drinking issues and believed that even groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous would not benefit her. Based on the nurses report, it seems that she will not be discharged in the near future. One way that she will be able to progress in her recovery is attending support groups because it is an aspect that healthcareRead MoreThe Alcoholics Anonymous 12 Step Recovery Program Guide Alcoholics1611 Words   |  7 PagesPaper Carissa Hardy ADRE 6703 Abstract The Alcoholics Anonymous 12-Step recovery program guides alcoholics through a series of behavioral, emotional, cognitive, spiritual and social actions towards sobriety and wellness. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, excessive drinking has lead to approximately 88,000 deaths in the United States each year and accounts for 1 in 10 deaths in working age adults, aged 20-64. Alcoholics Anonymous, a spiritual fellowship of men and women focusedRead MoreThe Growing Percentage Of Males And Females With Substance Use Disorder1656 Words   |  7 Pageswith a Substance Use Disorder (SUD) have a mix of disturbed thinking, behavior, and body functions and they keep using the substance when they know that problems will result, APA (2013). Substance Use Disorder (SUD), is identified as a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by 2 (or more) of the 11 specifiers, DSM-5 in Action (2015). According to t he DSM-5, the essential feature of a Substance Use Disorder is a cluster of cognitiveRead MoreAlcoholism : A Complex Disorder961 Words   |  4 Pagesinvolved in the materialization of alcohol dependence, along with cognitive behavior, temperament, psychological and sociocultural factors. Alcohol use patterns including alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence are â€Å"familial† in nature (cf. Heath et al., Kendlerm Heath, heath Neale, Kessler Eaves, 1992; Hesselbrock, 1995) Alcohol abuse is a drinking pattern that results In significant and recurrent adverse consequences. People suffering from alcoholism (technically known as alcohol dependence) have lostRead MoreAlcohol Alcoholism And Alcohol Abuse Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesthe past, but could not, spending longer time drinking than you expected, or continuing to drink even though it causes trouble with family or friends. An alcoholic is someone who has no control over alcohol and is unable to live a normal or health y life; consequently, it causes a psychological and physical dependence upon alcohol. Alcoholics typically experience physical withdrawals when not drinking. Both disorders have a significant attribute for risky behavior e.g., drinking and driving orRead MoreAlcoholism And Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Essay1891 Words   |  8 PagesIndividuals with excessive drinking patterns, nevertheless, have an elevated risk for alcohol-linked problems ranging from social to health issues. Alcohol abusers are a sub-population of alcoholic or alcohol-dependent individuals. However, the terms â€Å"abuse of alcohol† and â€Å"alcohol dependence† are dissimilar (Harford Muthen, 2001). Consequently, alcohol abusers may drink excessively without being dependent. In addition, alcohol abuse includes numerous outcomes and patterns while alcohol dependence or alcoholismRead MoreEssay on Alcoholics Anonymous: 12-Step Program2169 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is t he largest and most commonly known self-help group in the world. Since the creation of AA in 1935, there have been many programs modeled after it, which are also based on the 12-Step Program. Some of these include Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Chemically Dependent Anonymous, as well as programs for specific drugs, such as Cocaine Anonymous (CA) and Crystal Meth Anonymous (NIDA, 2012). Attendance and participation for self-help groups are open for anyone to attendRead MoreDevelopmental Influences And Considerations : A Case Study Of Sharon1466 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopmental consideration in substance abuse counseling will be discussed. Sharon – Intimacy vs. Isolation Sharon is a female who is presenting for counseling following very real and serious consequences as the result of her current drinking patterns. She offers personal insight and acknowledgement that both her drinking is excessive, and that she does want to stop. Isolation, fear, and loneliness are current driving forces for her continued use, as well as her connection with the people andRead MoreCauses and Effects of Alcohol Abuse955 Words   |  4 PagesApril 22, 2013 English 101 Alcoholism is the excessive and usually uncontrollable use of alcoholic drinks. There are many symptoms, complications, treatments and ways of prevention for alcoholism. Certain groups of people may be at a greater risk than others for several different reasons. There are numerous factors in why people may become addicted. Usually, a variety of factors contribute to the development of alcoholism. Social factors such as the influence of peers, family

The Definition Of The Word Hero As A Man Admired For His...

Merriam-Webster lists the definition for the word hero as â€Å"A man admired for his achievements and noble qualities†. This definition is a perfect portrait former United States president Ronald Reagan. During his presidency, Reagan showed that he was this man through his patriotism, family values and faith in God, achieving economic prosperity and peace and stability during international turmoil. Explaining why he is one of America’s most revered presidents to date. Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 to parents John ‘Jack’ and Nelle Reagan along with older brother Neil in the small Midwest town of Tampico, Illinois. His father a shoe salesman and his mother a homemaker, the family often struggled to make ends meet. Throughout Ronald’s childhood, his family never once owned a home but instead uprooted, bumping from rental to rental often – an experience that proved very formative for young Ronald. Over time, Jack turned to alc ohol as a means of coping with the pressures of these short-comings. Constant moving and instability created a void in young, impressionable Ronald – an empty space that over time religion came to fill. Looking for an answer, he looked to his mother (a devout Christian herself), his heart and his feelings of loneliness all pointing him in the direction of living a life of faith. God became a very integral part of his every day, always present and the foundation of his new found stability in an a less than perfect upbringing. Despite hisShow MoreRelatedThe Aeneid And The Hero1103 Words   |  5 Pages The protagonist of the Aeneid and known hero to many, Aeneas, was a man of many virtues. His courage and obedience towards the Roman gods are clearly shown all throughout the book, as well as his passion for justice. When he leaves his lover, Dido, at the bidding of the gods, he shows obedience even when it went against his own will. The time Aeneas travels into the underworld to find his deceased father, it shows great bravery. It is even seen by the example of the crew of Aeneas that he wasRead MoreSports Heroes: O.J. Simpson and Others Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesThe dictionary definition of a hero is someone who is admired of their achievements or their noble qualities. To me, the definition of a hero is someone who helps people and is caring. In this world there are so many people mistaken for heroes. One example of a â€Å"hero† is O.J. Simpson. O.J was best known for being the running ba ck of the Buffalo Bills and was nicknamed â€Å"The Juice†. Although he was a Heisman Trophy winner he was also a major suspect of a murder case involving his wife and her new boyfriendRead MoreThe Epic Of The Odyssey Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand him to be a humble mediocre man who knows it s his right to be king, but who has to deal with adversity in order to get there. However, compared to Odysseus in The Odyssey, who is strong, but untrusting, we will soon see that Sunjata is not only a man but a hero. In both texts we see each man adored by many and even compared to Gods like Odysseus in The Odyssey. However, when we break down the words of each epic we are faced to confront the truths of what a hero really is. This claim explainsRead MoreEssay about The Hero843 Words   |  4 Pages The Hero A hero is not just the title of an action-packed kung-fu flick with subtitles. A hero these days has many meanings; depending on the time and reason that person is called a hero. According to Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition becomes very broad. It starts as being â€Å"a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability† and becomes â€Å"a man admired for his achievements and noble qualities.† The last definition listed is probablyRead MoreDavid Copperfield As A Hero Journey1046 Words   |  5 PagesMerriam Webster dictionary the word hero has several meanings one of which is; a person admired for achievements and noble qualities (merriam-webster.com). Baised on the plot story and this definition we can note that David is a admired Character in the book and he also achieves his goal in becoming a writer. Leaving this definition aside David heroism can easily be shown through archetypal theory. As Joseph Campbell explains in his book A Hero With Thousand Faces the hero is the individual archetypeRead MoreWhat it takes to be a hero Essay874 Words   |  4 PagesThe media is quick to attach the word â€Å"hero† to anyone that does a good deed. I disagree with this because, good deeds don’t necessarily make you a hero, they make you a good person. Being heroic should come naturally. Heroes are born, not made. A hero must be courageous, kind-hearted and humble. I understand that many people have their own view on what a hero is. People label heroes by the things they do. Some even label people heroes just because they are famous. There is a big difference betweenRead MoreThe True Nature Of Shakespeares Characters In Othello1546 Words   |  7 PagesUsually during this part of the play, is where most advocates of the appearance versus reality argument take their stance, completely avoiding some great evidence found within earlier, and even the earliest scenes. As the play concludes, Othello and his beloved are left lying dead on their bed, one from asphyxiation and the other from suicide, being forever enshrined in a veil of unconditional and unfathomable love. During the course of the play Othello, the reader delves deep into the history andRead MoreHeroism : What Makes A Hero? Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesHeroism: What makes a hero? Merriam Webster dictionary defines heroism simply as great courage. Bravery, honesty, valor, character, gutsy and bold are all words that basically mean the same as heroism. The definition of a hero is a person, who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. People in everyday life show these qualities and can be found in many places. A teacher can be thought of as a hero by students, a mother by a child, a coach by players,Read MoreThe Egyptian Arab Israeli Conflict2456 Words   |  10 Pagesbetween themselves. The dictionary definition of a hero is, a man admired for his achievements and noble qualities and/or one who shows great courage. Showing courage and noble qualities can be taken to mean many things, the most perfect definition I believe is a person who stands up for what they believe and puts the right course of action before themselves to help the greater good. A man who demonstrates heroic qualities is the Egyptian President An war al-Sadat, the man responsible for creating peaceRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces2252 Words   |  10 Pagesan American mythologist, writer and lecture. I am instructed by a lot of his thoughts when thinking about myth stories. As Dr. Joseph Campbell pointed out in his theory of the monomyth, all the myths that have withstood the test of time for thousands of years are based on a similar foundation. This foundation is explored in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces where he describes the theory in this quote â€Å"A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural

18th Century Monarchy free essay sample

Throughout the course of European history, empires have risen and kingdoms have fallen. The eighteenth century marks a time of great change and diversity for European empires and monarchs. It was a time of enlightenment, a break from custom and tradition, absolutism and constitutional rule. Based on this great rate of change, diversity and ultimate decline of monarchial rule, the definition of monarchy may be left to interpretation. Throughout the course of this essay I will analyze the different governing systems, the change, and decline in monarchial rule. With an analytical approach to this subject, we will then apply a working definition to the term â€Å"monarchy† and its implications in the context of eighteenth century Europe. Europe, in the 1700s, consisted of two different types of government systems: constitutional monarchy and absolutism. Europe, as a whole, was predominately under absolutist rule, England being one of the expectations. Constitutional monarchy is a system in which the monarch has shared and limited power with the parliament. In contrast, absolutism is a system in which the monarch has unlimited power and control over his or her country and society. Absolutism, in theory, claimed that the monarchial position was acquired by social contract, inheritance and divine right. However, it is important to note that Eastern European absolutism differs from Western European absolutism but shared an ultimate goal for centralized power. With the basic definitions of these different governing systems we will now examine these systems and the monarchs who ruled them. Western Europe included monarchs such as Louis XIV and Louis XV. Louis XIV, like the other monarchs, believed that he was in power because of divine rule. He is known as one of the most significant figures when it comes to absolutist rule. He wanted full power over the peasants, aristocracy and separation from the church. Being reliant on the church or aristocracy was not an option for Louis XIV. He controlled taxes, built a strong army and at the expense of the peasantry, pursued territorial expansion. Louis XV, grandson of Louis XIV, did not control the aristocracy as much as his grandfather. Instead of being fully engaged like Louis XIV, he was more passive and created more councils and official offices to conduct affairs. History has shown us that Louis XV was more interested in his many mistresses than the control of his state. Apart from his reforms, Louis XV’s reign can be marked as one of the declining points of the crown’s political and moral authority. Some of the significant Eastern absolute monarchs of this time included: Peter the Great, Catherine, Fredrick William, and Frederick II. Eastern Monarchs lacked the support and collaboration from their nobles like the West. Absolute monarchs of Eastern Europe also moved towards a more enlightened system of governing. Fredrick of Prussia had a very effective bureaucracy and focused heavily on his army. He too wanted a centralized government, taking power from the local nobles and appointed power to royal officials. Fredrick II, who took power after the death of his father, expanded absolute rule over Prussia. He was heavily influenced by enlightenment thought and made his mark as a very effective absolute monarch. However, his rule was unlike the rest. He wanted to stir away from self-interested rule and rather rule for the greater good of his people. He became the â€Å"first servant of the state. † In context, this was a step away from absolute power and into the direction of a societal based rule. In Russia, Peter the Great wanted a centralized and absolute rule over his people. He regulated economic activity and established a strong military. He wanted to divide, control and change the church and its practices. The Church has great power over its subjects; to control a country a monarch must strip the church of its authority. However, the crown lost a great amount of its authority after the death of Peter I, as the aristocracy took control of the preceding rulers. Elizabeth, Peter’s daughter, took the throne in 1791. She was one of the main characters in the decline of crown rule. She restored nobles control over their lands and exempted them from taxes. The decline in absolutism and the loss of the crown’s moral and political authority seem to be a reoccurring pattern in the eighteenth century. Enlightenment thought, decline in custom and tradition are also reoccurring factors in Europe at this time. One may find these patterns in a constitutional monarchy. In England, patterns such as religious toleration, enlightenment thought and parliamentary rule have already been established in England’s governing system. The aristocracy of England wanted to limit the king’s power and protect their feudal rights. Documents such as the Magna Carta, bill of rights and petition of right protected the rights of the people and limited monarchial power. This is in complete contrast to some of the absolutist kings who exploited their peasants. Kings, such as James I and Charles I wanted to establish an absolute rule but were not successful because of the great power and wealth of the parliament. Throughout the European experience in the eighteenth century, we have seen a pattern of decline in absolutism and a transition into an enlightened despotism system of government. Monarchs of the West, like Louis XIV and Louis XV established an absolute rule over France. They moved away from the control of the church, established fiscal reforms and a strong military. However, aristocrat control arose in result of the passive reign of Louis XV. Moreover, power of the crown also declined for the Monarchs of the East, like Peter the Great, Elizabeth, Fredrick William and Fredrick II. Enlightenment thought had also embedded itself into the governing systems; a move to a more tolerable and secular society was inevitable. Patterns, such as these, could be seen in England’s constitutional monarchy. Through the decline of absolutism, rise in parliamentary rule and enlightenment thought; how might we define monarchy in eighteenth century Europe? From the East to the West, we may define monarchy as position of power and virtue. That, however, would not be the best definition to ascribe to the monarchial powers of this time. Louis XV’s brothel involvement, Peter’s death threats and Catherine’s multiple sex partners are the farthest things from virtuous. Power may be a likely term, but from our analysis we can see that the power of the crown was in a great decline. As we take a look into Europe in the eighteenth century, it would be most fit to define monarchy as simply another chair authority. Their power is not unlimited, but rather controlled and limited by the parliament and its citizens.

The Principles of Animalism Essay Example

The Principles of Animalism Paper The Principles of Animalism are the set of principles devised by Old Major in Animal Farm that all the animals are expected to live up to and follow. These include complete equality among the animals, and a rejection of human ways. During the tale, we see these principles progressively subverted by the pigs for their own agenda, which is to assume complete control of Animal Farm, while encouraging the other animals to believe that the equality still exists. Squealer, as the propagandist on behalf of the pigs, and the sheep and dogs as groups utilised by Napoleon to advance his ause, are used by the pigs to destroy Old Majors idealism. Squealer is used by Napoleon as a spin-doctor, to manipulate the truth and deceive the other creatures. We can see an example of this when the pigs start to subvert the principle of equality, and decide to keep the apples and milk to themselves. Obviously this arouses the animals because they are just about clever enough to see that this is not fair, and that the pigs are being greedy. However, Squealer is sent by the pigs to quell any unrest that might be brewing: Comrades! he cried. You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are oing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Of course, this is exactly what the animals think, but when they are confronted in such a straightforward manner, with such a reproving tone behind the question, they cannot really reply, which gives Squealer the chance to begin his lies, which the animals believe just because they can acknowledge the fact that the pigs are cleverer than themselves. This use of a rhetorical question is Squealers main technique against the animals, as this type of question hides a threat of disapproval if answered, and so makes answer impossible: It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer, that any animal could be so stupid. We will write a custom essay sample on The Principles of Animalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Principles of Animalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Principles of Animalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? Once he has thus silenced the animals, Squealer, can go on to say anything that he wishes to persuade them that everything is fine. Squealer will also support his rhetorical questions with a statement to make the animals feel guilty and shamed for ever doubting the pigs motives. Not only do they then drop their arguments, but they will take up a different train of thought ntirely: It is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Now, as well as not being able to continue arguing, the animals will also have the new sense of gratification towards the pigs for their protection, thus making them less likely to argue in the future. Squealer is extremely clever, and so can exploit any of the animals weaknesses. One of these is their fear of the return of Jones who for them symbolises all the oppression that they were under in the past. By threatening the return of Jones, Squealer can make the animals more passive in their attitudes because in their minds Jones is the ultimate symbol of oppression and fear: surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back? Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it was that they did not want Jones back. Looking at their situation in such a light, the animals can romanticise that whatever is happening in their lives now, it cant be as bad as when they had no equality under Jones: But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves False logic and facts are techniques that Squealer can use when talking to support what he is saying, but only because the animals are not educated. For example, he uses facts from subjects that they would clearly know nothing about because they cannot read. The animals have acknowledged the pigs intelligence over them, so they are prone to believe that the pigs know what they are talking about when in fact they do not, but are bluffing: Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brain-workers. Of course the animals have no basis or education to argue with Science, and so now in their minds, The importance of keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious. The false logic that Squealer uses is often preposterous to the reader, as we can see where it breaks down and becomes sheer nonsense: A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. However the animals are not able to make the same judgement because they have not developed completely logical thought yet. Often they need time to be able to gather heir thoughts, which Squealer does not give them by making his speeches long and conclusive. What makes Squealer such a good propagandist is his ability to control the animals thoughts by what he is saying. Nervous little skips from side to side, giving the appearance of anxiousness, is part of his act when he wants the animals to sense importance. In a way he acts as a bridge between the pigs and the animals, as he is pretending to be on their own level, while really just acting. He can make them believe this by calling them Comrades. He instils the trust in them, and then can xploit their belief in his truthfulness: Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved to them in detail The animals believed every word of it. Whatever else is happening, and no matter how much the other pigs are distancing themselves, the animals will always trust Squealer to be giving them honest information. Napoleon uses the sheep to cause confusion and disrupt the animals train of thought. This is centred around their ability to be taught something and then repeat it for as long as desired. Because of a complete lack of intelligence on their part, they do ot actually have their own opinions on any matter, and even to teach them simple phrases takes its time. They are very useful though in quashing any signs of rebellion on the part of the animals, because they simply do not allow anyone to have any form of say by the sheer amount of noise they create: Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of Four legs good, two legs bad, which put an end to the discussion. The use of the sheep is here timed to perfection so that the animals have no way of rotesting against what the pigs are doing. This routine is thoroughly well planned by Napoleon so that he can do whatever he wishes without having to use Squealer or force (or in fact when he cant use Squealer, as when the pigs begin to walk on their hind legs- because they are now acting above the animals, Squealer is no longer a bridge). The sheep use simple slogans such as Four legs good, two legs bad, which are easy to remember and can be repeated over and over ad infinitum. In this way they usurp the animals right to free speech by denying them the opportunity to speak out. The timing of their bleating is co-ordinated by the pigs via secret signals and therefore disguised as coincidence. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into Four legs good, two legs bad at the crucial moments in Snowballs speeches. The animals never realise that the pigs are controlling the sheep, it seems to them like chance whether the sheep will start bleating or not. They become accustomed to the sheep breaking in to calm any tensions: Then, as usual, the sheep broke into Four legs good, two legs bad! and the momentary awkwardness was smoothed over. This is the reason that the sheep are so successful in disruption; the animals are not aware that their timing has been orchestrated, and so do not realise that they will start their bleating at crucial moments. If they did they might be able to keep their key arguments in mind and then take up the issue at anothe r time. The other group of animals without any opinion is the dogs, who were taken away at birth by Napoleon to be secretly trained to respond to his command. They are very vicious, and seen by the other animals as being creatures who are completely nknown and alien. They quickly become the enforcement of order by brutal means, often killing, and so the animals quickly become afraid of them just as they are of humans. They attend the pigs wherever they go and prevent any form of argument with the threat of violence: But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Here the animals with the most chance of formulating an effective protest, some young pigs, are stopped in their protests at not being able to debate the running of the arm any more (the removal of free will from the animals) by the threat of force from the dogs. These same pigs are later targeted when the dogs serve a new purpose in executing animals who are apparently traitors to Animal Farm. The dogs influence quickly grows until they are on a par with the pigs in terms of importance and stature: Once again all rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and dogs. The dogs are needed in full health by Napoleon so that they can be a guarding escort for the important pigs, but they are more than that because they are Napoleons ersonal protection elite as well, and so hold more weight than a normal guard force would. They also start to help supervise the running of the farm, highlighting their difference to the other animals (they are not just being used): The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. The dogs are shown to be devoid of any personality, which contributes to the animals fear of them as it enforces their alien nature; they are thoughtless beings that exhibit no signs of compassion. When they kill, the animals are firstly horrified, but come to realise that they are easily capable of such things, and so a threat. Napoleon uses the dogs as a threatening force, a protection service and to get rid of potential troublemakers. These troublemakers are dispatched with intention, however there are also random killings that cause the animals much fear and distress. These random executions that begin are just a way of making all the animals live in fear of stepping out of line and of the dogs (their ruthlessness in killing their own kind is shocking to the animals). This fear means that they never dare to do anything other than go along with the pigs, because they know it will probably result in death for eing a traitor. All in all, the pigs use many methods with which to subvert the principles of Animalism. The use of fear is key to controlling the animals, and is used by both the dogs and Squealer, but in different ways; Squealer uses words to scare the animals into submission, while the dogs actually hold a force which they demonstrate regularly. Another method is that which is employed by the sheep, which is on the whole very different, yet very effective. By means of creating noise in the form of a repeated slogan, the sheep confuse the animals thoughts, and remove the opportunity or debate or argument. All of this goes towards making the animals passive in preparation for the final subversion of Animalism; the final great shift where the pigs make the transition from the animal to the human, the very same force that the animals strived to defeat and against whom they gained their independance in the first place (this shift meaning that all that the animals have done is worth nothing, as they are back where they started, perhaps with even less, as now they have no hope with which to console themselves; everything has been removed form them).